涤纶（PET）结构紧密、缺少可电离基团，只能用分散染料在高温下染色。选型按"能量等级"：高温型（S/E 型）匀染好、升华牢度高，适合热定型温度高的品种；中温型节能但对工艺控制更敏感。 Polyester is compact and has no ionisable groups, so it can only be dyed with disperse dyes at high temperature. Selection follows energy level: high-energy (S/E) types level well and have high sublimation fastness, suiting goods that are heat-set at high temperature; medium-energy types save energy but are more process sensitive.
为什么涤纶必须用分散染料？ Why must polyester use disperse dyes?
涤纶分子链排列紧密、缺少能与染料结合的极性基团。分散染料以微小颗粒分散在水中，在高温（约 130 ℃）下进入膨胀的纤维内部并固着，因此适用于涤纶及其混纺。 Polyester chains pack tightly and lack polar groups for dye attachment. Disperse dyes stay as fine particles in water and, at about 130 °C, diffuse into the swollen fibre and fix there — hence their use on polyester and its blends.
高温型和低温型差别在哪？ High-energy vs low-energy dyes?
高温型（S 型、部分 E 型）分子量大、升华牢度高、匀染性好，适合深色与后续需高温热定型的面料；低温型（E 型）在较低温度下上染快、节能，但升华牢度相对较低，不适合后整理温度高的品种。 High-energy (S, some E) dyes have higher molecular weight, better sublimation fastness and levelling, suiting deep shades and fabrics heat-set at high temperature. Low-energy (E) dyes exhaust faster at lower temperature and save energy, but their sublimation fastness is lower.
常见染色缺陷怎么判断？ How to read common dyeing faults?
色花、色渍多与升温过快、分散剂不足或染料聚集有关；牢度不足多与选型能量等级偏低或还原清洗不彻底有关。先按现象定位是"上染不均"还是"后处理不彻底"，再对症调整。 Unevenness and spotting usually trace to fast heating, insufficient dispersant or dye aggregation; poor fastness usually traces to an energy level that is too low or incomplete reduction clearing. Decide first whether the fault is uneven dyeing or incomplete aftertreatment.
染料形态：滤饼和商品化染料有什么不同？ Press cake vs commercial dye?
滤饼是未经标准化的原染料，含固量高、需自行复配分散剂与标准化；商品化染料已调整力份与分散性，开包即用。大批量、有复配能力的工厂常用滤饼降低单位成本。 Press cake is unstandardised raw dye with high solid content, requiring your own dispersant and standardisation; commercial dye is already adjusted for strength and dispersibility and is ready to use. Large plants with compounding capability use press cake to cut unit cost.
对比一览 Comparison
| 类型 Type | 上染温度 Dyeing temperature | 升华牢度 Sublimation fastness | 适用场景 Best for |
|---|---|---|---|
| 低温型 E Low energy E | 较低，节能 Lower, saves energy | 相对较低 Relatively low | 浅中色、后整理温度不高 Light/medium shades, low heat-setting |
| 中温型 SE Medium SE | 中等 Medium | 中等 Medium | 常规品种、通用配伍 General goods, common combinations |
| 高温型 S High energy S | 较高 Higher | 高 High | 深色、需高温定型、汽车内饰 Deep shades, high heat-setting, automotive |
| 滤饼 Press cake | 按复配结果 Per formulation | 按染料本体 Per base dye | 大批量、有复配能力 Large volume, in-house compounding |
常见问题 FAQ
涤纶染色一定要 130 ℃ 吗？ Is 130 °C always necessary?
常规高温高压染色在 130 ℃ 左右进行。载体法或常压沸染可在更低温度上染，但存在环保与牢度限制；热溶法用于连续轧染，温度更高。方法取决于设备与品种。 Conventional high-temperature dyeing runs at about 130 °C. Carrier or atmospheric boil methods work lower but bring environmental and fastness limits; thermosol continuous dyeing runs hotter. The method follows the machine and the fabric.
为什么染完要做还原清洗？ Why reduction clearing after dyeing?
去除纤维表面未固着的染料。不清会导致摩擦牢度与湿牢度下降，深色尤其明显。 It removes unfixed dye from the fibre surface. Skipping it lowers rubbing and wet fastness, especially in deep shades.
混纺织物怎么染？ How are blends dyed?
涤棉混纺通常用分散染料染涤、活性或直接染料染棉的两浴或一浴两步法。工艺顺序取决于染料相容性与设备条件，应先做小样确认白沾与牢度。 Polyester-cotton blends are normally dyed two-bath or one-bath two-step, with disperse for polyester and reactive or direct for cotton. The sequence depends on compatibility and machine; confirm staining and fastness on a lab sample.
牢度不达标时先查什么？ What to check first when fastness fails?
先分清是哪种牢度：升华牢度不足多为染料能量等级偏低；水洗/摩擦牢度不足多为还原清洗不彻底；日晒牢度不足多为染料本身选型问题。对症处理比盲目加助剂有效。 Identify which fastness: poor sublimation usually means the energy level is too low; poor washing or rubbing usually means incomplete reduction clearing; poor light fastness usually means the dye choice itself. Treat the cause rather than adding auxiliaries blindly.
参考资料 References
本页内容用于选型参考，具体指标以该批次的 COA 与 TDS 为准。